[10] The last annual Boletim available from the Secretaria de Estado das Comunidades Portuguesas is for 1988.
[11] See William S. Bernard, “History of U.S. Immigration Policy,” in Immigration, by R. Easterlin et al. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982), 103.
[12] France, Office Nationale d’Immigration, quoted by Seruya, “Determinantes e características,” 52; and OECD, SOPEMI Reports, 1985, 1988, and 1990 (Paris: OECD).
[13] Caroline Brettell, Men Who Migrate, Women Who Wait: Population and History in a Portuguese Parish (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986).
[14] Ibid., 68.
[15] The most relevant works are Manuela Silva et al., Retorno, emigração e desenvolvimento regional em Portugal (Lisbon: Instituto de Estudos para o Desenvolvimento, 1984); Eduardo S. Ferreira, Reintegração dos emigrantes portugueses: integração na CEE e desenvolvimento económico (Lisbon: CEDEP/AE ISE), 1984; Amadeu Paiva, Portugal e a Europa. O fim de um ciclo migratório (Lisbon: IED-CEDEP, 1985); Michel Poinard, “Emigrantes portugueses: o regresso,” Análise Social 19:75 (1983), 29-56.
[16] After the mid-1980s, the information available points to a decrease in the level of returns. At the end of the decade, returns were between 25,000 and 26,000.
[17] Poinard’s study, “Emigrantes portugueses: o regresso,” based on 3,792 documents and files on Portuguese processes for aid return presented to French authorities in 1978, gives a slightly different portrait of the migrants returning from France. The mean duration of the stay in France was 9.5 years.
[18] Employment was quite different in France and Germany. In France, 49 percent of the returnees worked in construction and 25 percent in manufacturing; in Germany, 13 percent worked in construction and 60 percent in manufacturing.
[19] The most frequent reasons for return were missing the family and native land and concern with the children’s education, 35 percent; and health, retirement, and labor accidents, 26 percent.
[20] See SECP, Boletim anual 1988: 83. For returns see Silva, Retorno, emigração e desenvolvimento, 49-52; Stahl, Perspectivas da emigrção, 17.
[21] Alfredo M. Pereira, “Trade-Off Between Emigration and Remittances in the Portuguese Economy,” Faculdade de Economia – Universidade Nova de Lisboa Working Paper 129, 1989.
[22] A. Sedas Nunes, “Portugal: sociedade dualista em evolução,” Análise Social 2: 7/8 (1964), 407-62; Carlos Almeida and António Barreto, Capitalismo e emigração em Portugal, 3d ed. (Lisbon: Prelo, 1976); Joel Serrão, A emigração portuguesa: sondagem histórica, 3d ed. (Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1977; Vitorino Magalhães Godinho, A estrutura da antiga sociedade portuguesa (Lisbon: Arcádia, 1978).
[23] Eduardo S. Ferreira, Origens e formas da emigração (Lisbon: Iniciativas Editoriais, 1976); José P. Barosa and Pedro T. Pereira, “Economic Integration and Labour Flows: The European Single Act and Its Consequences”’ FE-UNL Working Paper 123, 1988; A. M. Pereira, “Trade-Off Between Emigration and Remittances.”
[24] Barosa and Pereira, “Economic Integration and Labour Flows,” 8.
[25] Stahl, Perspectivas da emigração; I. J. Seccombe and R. J. Lawless, “Some New Trends in Mediterranean Labour Migration: The Middle East Connection” International Migration 23:1 (1985), 123-48; Barosa and Pereira, “Economic Integration and Labour Flows.”
[26] Barosa and Pereira, “Economic Integration and Labour Flows,” 13.
[27] Amadeu Paiva, Portugal e a Europa. O fim de um ciclo migratório (Lisbon: IED-CEDEP, 1985).
[28] See the publications by Baganha cited in note I; and Baganha and João Peixoto, “Trends in the ‘90s: The Portuguese Migratory Experience” in, Immigration in Southern Europe Maria I. Baganha (ed.), Oieras, Celta, 1997:15-40.
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